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Vitamin E
A fat-soluble vitamin, and the main antioxidant in the fatty part of your cell membranes, where it stops a chain reaction that damages the fats they are made of. It carries one authorised EU health claim, EFSA sets its upper limit at 300 mg a day, and it sits in one formula today, at 15 mg. It also acts on your platelets, which is why the engine counts it even at small doses.
WHAT WE ARE ALLOWED TO SAY
One claim. It is authorised.
Our file holds this claim only in Spanish, so what you read here is our literal translation of the EU register wording, and we do not paraphrase it into something that sounds stronger. It carries one condition: the product has to be at least a source of vitamin E under Regulation (EC) 1924/2006. Our one formula serves 15 mg, which is 125% of the NRV of 12 mg. Our own ingredient notes still list this claim as not found in the register, while our claim files record it as authorised under Regulation 432/2012, and we are reconciling the two.Our file holds this claim only in Spanish: this is our literal translation, not a paraphrase. It needs the product to be at least a source of vitamin E. Our formula serves 125% of the NRV.
Protecting cells from oxidative damage is as far as the wording goes. It is not a claim about your liver, your heart, your skin or cancer. In Liver (ALT / AST), the claim the formula is filed under belongs to the choline next to it, not to the vitamin E. And at high doses the large trials in our file point the other way: more bleeding, a higher risk of prostate cancer in the SELECT trial, and a possible rise in mortality above 400 IU a day, which is still debated.
WHY MIXED TOCOPHEROLS
The claim is the same. The source is not.
The claim attaches to vitamin E, not to one form of it, so the form is not a claim argument and we do not use it as one. Our regulatory file asks for mixed natural tocopherols rather than synthetic DL-alpha-tocopherol, and that is what Liver (ALT / AST) uses. Our form file marks it as stable in liquid, soluble in oil and neutral in taste, and sensitive to light and oxygen.
All-rac alpha-tocopherol. Our notes put its biological potency at about 50% of the natural form, and our regulatory file rules it out for us.
RRR-alpha-tocopherol, the form your liver holds on to: a protein there keeps alpha-tocopherol in your tissues and lets the other forms go. Our ingredient notes name it as the form of choice.
Natural tocopherols as a mix, the form our regulatory and form files ask for and the one recorded for Liver (ALT / AST). Our file notes that tocopherols are usually made from soya.
Our files do not agree on the form yet. The ingredient notes prefer natural D-alpha-tocopherol, while the regulatory and form files ask for mixed natural tocopherols, which is what the formula uses, and we would rather write that down than settle it quietly. How much you absorb depends on the fat in your meal: our notes give a range of 20 to 80%. They put its half-life in your blood at 48 to 72 hours, and it builds up in your tissues over days to weeks. None of this is an authorised claim.Our files do not agree on the form yet: the notes prefer natural D-alpha, the formula uses mixed tocopherols. How much you absorb depends on the fat in your meal. None of this is a claim.
WHERE IT APPEARS
One of the twenty-nine carries vitamin E.
Liver (ALT / AST) is a blood-test formula, served at night with dinner, which suits a vitamin our notes say to take with a meal that has some fat in it. It runs for 12 weeks and is still in development: the liver tests it depends on are not in our blood panel yet. It is not given with liver disease or with vitamin K antagonist anticoagulants.
THE CEILING
300 mg a day. Our own rule is lower.
In 2024 EFSA set its upper limit at 300 mg of alpha-tocopherol a day for adults, pregnancy and breastfeeding included, and built it on the effect on blood clotting. Our file notes that it does not apply to people on anticoagulant or antiplatelet treatment. Our notes set a stricter VION rule of 100 mg a day by default across CORE and BOOST formulas, and the German BfR proposes 30 mg a day for a supplement. At 15 mg, our one formula sits under all three.EFSA's limit is 300 mg a day, built on blood clotting, and it does not apply if you take an anticoagulant. Our own rule is 100 mg. Our one formula serves 15 mg.
Our notes cap the total at 100 mg a day by default across CORE and BOOST formulas, and hold it to 300 mg if it ever sits in two active formulas. Next to vitamin K2, our pair notes also keep it to 100 mg a day, and next to black garlic to 200 IU; Liver (ALT / AST) carries neither. The 100 mg rule is in our notes, not in the engine's rule table yet. France's ANSES works to 300 mg a day, diet included.
Above 400 IU a day, roughly 268 mg of natural alpha-tocopherol, our file records a higher risk of bleeding, because vitamin E gets in the way of the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. A 2005 meta-analysis suggested higher mortality from all causes above 400 IU a day, which is still debated. The ATBC trial saw more haemorrhagic strokes, SELECT a 17% higher risk of prostate cancer at 400 IU a day, and HOPE-TOO more heart failure at high doses.
Contraindicated if you have had a haemorrhagic stroke or have a bleeding disorder, and with vitamin K deficiency from malabsorption. If you take anticoagulants such as warfarin, acenocoumarol or apixaban, or antiplatelets, talk to your healthcare professional first: it can change their effect. Our notes put the trigger for that label warning at more than 100 IU a day. For you, EFSA's limit does not apply, and our file treats more than 150 mg a day as a relative contraindication. Stop it at least 2 weeks before surgery. During chemotherapy or radiotherapy, avoid more than 100 IU a day. With heart disease or arrhythmias, take care: high doses have been linked to heart failure. With liver disease, take care too; the formula that carries it is not given with liver disease or with vitamin K antagonist anticoagulants. In pregnancy and breastfeeding, dietary amounts are safe, but avoid more than 300 mg a day, and our notes exclude or reduce it in a high-risk pregnancy. Under 18, EFSA's limits run from 100 mg a day at 1 to 3 years to 260 mg at 15 to 17. If you smoke or have been exposed to asbestos, the engine blocks it alongside beta-carotene and selenium. Our file lists it as safe with kidney disease. Tocopherols are usually made from soya: EU rules exempt them from soya labelling, but we list soya as an allergen for it as a precaution.
WHAT IT REACTS WITH
Documented pairs, not hunches.
Vitamin E is one of the 140 ingredients in our library, so it has 139 possible partners. We have documented nine of them, out of the 443 pairs on file: four that work alongside it and five that need care.
Vitamin C turns spent vitamin E back into its active form, and coenzyme Q10 does the same inside your mitochondria, so both can share a dose with it. Beta-carotene and vitamin E protect cell membranes together. With CLA, our notes recommend at least 6 mg of vitamin E alongside, because CLA raises the oxidation of fats. Selenium can share a dose at nutritional amounts. The one exception is smoking: in smokers, beta-carotene with vitamin E and selenium has been linked to a higher risk of lung cancer in the CARET and ATBC trials, so if you smoke or have been exposed to asbestos the engine blocks the three together.
Vitamin E is one of eight ingredients in the engine's bleeding rule, with ginkgo, turmeric, black garlic, resveratrol, maritime pine bark, bromelain and papain. Two of them in your plan raise a bleeding flag, and if your profile records an anticoagulant the engine blocks the combination. Next to black garlic, vitamin E is capped at 200 IU; next to ginkgo, our pair note records only that an older stack with 3 mg of vitamin E was acceptable, and no cap is written down yet; next to vitamin K2, it stays at 100 mg a day, because high doses get in the way of vitamin K's work on clotting and bone. Konjac glucomannan is different: it lowers how much of a fat-soluble vitamin you absorb, so the two stay at least 2 hours apart.
One drug pair is in our medication table: statins. Above 400 IU a day, vitamin E may blunt their effect on LDL cholesterol in some studies, so high doses are not combined with a statin and your lipid profile should be watched. Our ingredient file adds more: anticoagulants such as warfarin, where it can raise your INR and your bleeding risk; antiplatelets such as aspirin and clopidogrel; chemotherapy and radiotherapy, whose effect it may reduce; statins taken with niacin, where it can blunt the rise in HDL; and ciclosporin, whose levels it can lower. If you take any of them, ask your doctor before starting.
Our ingredient notes also mention inorganic iron, which they keep 2 hours away, vitamin K and omega-3 fatty acids, but none of those three is in our pair table yet, and nor are milk thistle, choline and artichoke, which share its formula. Across the library, 443 of the 9,730 possible pairs are documented, which is 4.55%. The rest are not "safe", they are simply unchecked, and we would rather write that down than let the number look like a badge.Iron, vitamin K, omega-3 and the three ingredients that share its formula are not in our pair table yet. Across the library, 443 of the 9,730 possible pairs are documented, which is 4.55%. The rest are not safe, they are simply unchecked.
SOURCES
Everything on this page, with its reference.
Reviewed by VION nutrition team · last reviewed 16 September 2026
140 INGREDIENTS · 64 IN USE TODAY
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What it is, what we are allowed to say about it, which formulas carry it, what it reacts with and where each of those statements comes from. No proprietary blends, no hidden amounts.